Station 1. What each type means

• Simple: one independent clause.
  Schools need fair funding.
  Add phrases safely: In crowded cities, schools need fair funding.
• Compound: two independent clauses joined by FANBOYS (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so).
  Costs are rising, and families feel the pressure.
• Complex: one independent clause plus a dependent clause.
  Although fees increased, enrolment remained stable.
• Compound complex: at least two independent clauses and one dependent clause.
  Although fees increased, enrolment remained stable, and graduation rates improved.

Station 2. Formula bank you can copy

Simple frames

• It is reasonable to argue that + claim.
• One major benefit is + noun phrase.

Compound frames

• X improves access, but it raises cost.
• The plan is detailed, so rollout should be smooth.

Complex frames

• Although critics question the budget, results indicate steady gains.
• Because public transport cuts journeys, workers arrive on time.
• Policies that target low income groups reduce dropout rates.

Compound complex frames

• While online lessons widen access, teachers need training, and platforms must be reliable.

Station 3. Paragraph rhythm that feels natural

Use a 1–2–1 pattern inside a body paragraph:

1. Simple topic sentence for clarity.
2. Complex sentence to explain cause or condition.
3. Compound sentence to add a second angle or result.
4. Simple link back to the question.

Target mix across the essay: about 30 percent simple, 40 percent complex, 30 percent compound or compound complex.

Station 4. Punctuation rules that prevent run ons

• FANBOYS joining two full clauses needs a comma: …, and …
• Conjunctive adverbs like however, therefore, moreover do not join clauses by themselves. Use a period or a semicolon:
  • Costs rose. However, wages stayed flat.
  • Costs rose; however, wages stayed flat.
• Intro dependent clause takes a comma: If subsidies expand, access improves.

Station 5. Clause economy and safety checks

• Do not leave a dependent clause alone. Wrong: Because prices fell.
  Fix: Because prices fell, demand increased.
• Keep the subject close to the verb to avoid SVA slips: A number of schools offer evening classes.
• Limit one heavy clause per sentence. Long stacks reduce clarity.

Station 6. Live transformations

Start: Technology helps students learn.

• Compound: Technology helps students learn, and it allows teachers to track progress.
• Complex: Although technology helps students learn, schools need training budgets.
• Compound complex: Although technology helps students learn, schools need training budgets, and leaders must plan upgrades.

Station 7. Paragraph kit to assemble quickly

Topic: Public transport investment

1. Simple: Public transport funding should rise.
2. Complex: Because faster buses reduce delays, workers arrive on time and firms lose fewer hours.
3. Compound: The policy helps low income areas, and it cuts emissions in busy centers.
4. Simple: These outcomes justify higher budgets.

Station 8. Linkers that fit each type

• Add: and, moreover, in addition
• Contrast: but, however, by contrast, although
• Cause: because, since, as
• Result: so, therefore, as a result
  Use one strong linker per sentence, not a chain of three.

Station 9. Common errors and quick repairs

• Comma splice: Fees rose, students protested.
  Fix with FANBOYS: Fees rose, so students protested.
• Fragment: While the plan looks good.
  Fix: While the plan looks good, it needs funding.
• Overlong chain: split at a logical break.
  Original: Cities built new lines and they bought buses and they upgraded tickets and they trained staff.
  Repair: Cities built new lines, and they bought buses. They also upgraded tickets and trained staff.

Station 10. Five fast drills

1. Turn two simple sentences into one compound with a correct comma.
2. Add a dependent clause to make a complex sentence that shows cause.
3. Convert a complex sentence into compound complex by adding a balanced second claim.
4. Write a 4 line paragraph using the 1–2–1 rhythm.
5. Check one draft and mark S, CP, CX, CC above each sentence.

Station 11. Two minute end audit

• Mix close to the 30–40–30 target
• No comma splices, no fragments
• Each body starts with a clear simple topic sentence
• Complex sentences use because, although, when, which correctly
• Compound sentences use FANBOYS with a comma
• Read aloud: rhythm should feel varied and controlled

Use this lab as you draft and edit. Keep the topic sentences simple, add complex lines for depth, and use compound lines to balance ideas. The result is a clear, confident essay with natural variety.