Why Range Matters

Examiners look for control and variety. Repeating however or therefore lowers naturalness. Aim to rotate functions: add, contrast, cause, result, example, sequence, concession, condition, reference.

Device Families with Safe Options

Add: also, in addition, moreover, additionally
Contrast: however, in contrast, by comparison, whereas, while
Cause: because, since, as
Result: so, therefore, thus, as a result, consequently
Sequence: first, next, then, finally, meanwhile
Example: for example, for instance, such as
Concession: although, though, even though
Condition: if, unless, provided that
Reference words: this, these, such, the former, the latter

Tip: keep moreover, consequently for emphasis. Prefer also, so in neutral lines.

Grammar First - Link Without Linkers

• Participle clause: The government increased tax, reducing demand.
• Relative clause: A policy that targets fuel prices can cut traffic.
• Apposition: The city plan, a three year project, focuses on buses.
• Semicolon: Costs rose; demand fell.
• Parallel structure: invest, train, monitor.

Repetition Guards

• Cap per paragraph: 1 however, 1 therefore, 0 moreover unless needed.
• Replace every second link with a grammar option.
• Use reference chains: this problem, these measures, such policies.
• Delete if the relation is clear from order or punctuation.

Smart Swaps to Avoid Heavy Repeats

• however → by contrast, while, whereas, yet, still
• therefore → so, thus, as a result
• moreover → also, in addition
• because → since, as
• for example → for instance, such as
• although → though, even though

Collocation-led Cohesion

Use noun echoes to connect ideas without extra words:

• this trend, these figures, such outcomes
• the increase in X, the effect on Y
• a similar pattern, the opposite pattern

Model: The figures rise in Q1. This trend continues in Q2.

Quick Rewrites

1. Repeated however:
   Original: However, costs rose. However, profits stayed stable.
   Clean: However, costs rose, while profits stayed stable.
2. Wordy result:
   Original: Therefore, as a result, traffic decreased.
   Clean: As a result, traffic decreased.
3. Link without a linker:
   Original: Prices were high. Therefore demand fell.
   Clean: Prices were high; demand fell.

Micro Drills with Answers

A) Replace the repeated linker.

1. Tourism grew. However, income fell. However, jobs rose.
   Answer: Tourism grew. However, income fell, yet jobs rose.

B) Use reference cohesion.
Prompt: pollution increased in 2024. Use this to connect a recommendation.
Model: Pollution increased in 2024. This suggests cities should expand public transport.

C) Convert to a grammar link.
Prompt: The policy failed. Therefore, it was revised.
Model: The policy failed, leading to a revision.

Mini Library - Ready Lines

• In contrast, rural areas show slower growth.
• For instance, households reduced plastic use by 12 percent.
• Since costs are rising, small firms delay investment.
• If demand remains weak, producers may cut output.

8 Point Edit Checklist

[ ] One clear purpose per sentence
[ ] No double linkers in a row
[ ] Max one heavy adverb per paragraph
[ ] Grammar link used at least twice
[ ] Reference words used to avoid repetition
[ ] Parallel verbs for lists
[ ] Semicolon used only when clauses balance
[ ] Read aloud for flow

10 Minute Range Workout

Minute 1: highlight repeated linkers in a paragraph.
2 to 4: swap half of them using the Smart Swaps list.
5 to 6: convert two links into grammar links.
7: add one reference chain.
8: add one contrast using while or whereas.
9: remove one redundant linker.
10: tick the tracker and note one habit to keep.

Use the tracker for every essay. Rotate families, prefer grammar when possible, and let reference words carry the load.