What cohesion means for the examiner

Cohesion is how clearly ideas connect. Good cohesion comes from two things:

1. Order across paragraphs.
2. Referencing inside and between sentences.
   When these work, the reader never has to guess who, what, or why.

Paragraph order: reliable patterns

Choose one and stick to it for the whole essay.

1. Standard flow

• Intro → Body 1 → Body 2 → Conclusion
  Use when you have two main reasons.

1. Problem to solution

• Problem or cause → Solution or result
  Use for Problem Solution and many Discussion essays.

1. Strength then counterpoint

• Stronger side first → Weaker side next → Verdict
  Use for Opinion and Advantage Disadvantage.

1. Time logic

• Past or current → Next or future
  Use when the topic is a trend or policy rollout.

Tip: One idea per body paragraph. Do not mix causes and solutions in the same body unless the task forces it.

Inside a paragraph: a simple flow

• Topic sentence: one clear claim.
• Explanation: how it works.
• Example: one line with a concrete detail.
• Link back: a short sentence that repeats the key noun.

Model
Bike lanes reduce injuries. Separating bikes from cars lowers collisions. After a pilot lane opened, emergency visits fell by about one fifth. This result supports city investment in protected lanes.

Simple referencing toolkit

Pronouns

• he, she, it, they, this, these, those
  Rule: place the noun first, then use pronouns. Do not start a paragraph with this if the reader cannot see the noun.

Model
Public buses now run every five minutes. This change cut wait times and pushed more commuters out of cars.

Demonstratives with clear nouns

• this problem, this approach, these results
  Model
  The course added short quizzes. This approach gives instant feedback and keeps attention high.

Lexical chains

Repeat the key noun with light variation: policy → rule → measure → reform.
Model
The policy raised parking fees. The measure also funded more buses. Thanks to the reform, peak congestion fell.

Substitution and ellipsis

• do so, do it, the former, the latter, one, ones
  Model
  Some colleges offer laptops. Others do so only for new students.

Paragraph linking without heavy connectors

Use short, clear starters instead of long phrases.

• First, Next, Finally
• However, In contrast, By comparison
• As a result, Therefore, Consequently

Model
Bus frequency improved. As a result, late arrivals dropped.

Reference clarity tests

• Can the reader match each pronoun to one clear noun
• Does this or these point to a whole idea you just wrote
• After removing one linker, does the meaning still hold If not, the reference is weak.

Cohesive vocabulary that stays simple

• cause and result: because, since, so, therefore
• contrast: however, although, while, whereas
• addition: also, in addition, moreover
• focus: in fact, in particular, for example

Avoid very long linking phrases that add no meaning.

Mini practice 1: fix vague references

Weak
The city launched a pilot. This was successful and it was continued.
Strong
The city launched a pilot. The pilot was successful, and the program was continued the next year.

Mini practice 2: order the notes

Notes: fee raised, car use down, buses frequent
Good order
Buses became frequent. As a result, car use fell. To fund service, the city raised the fee.

GT letters: openings and handoffs

• Start with purpose: I am writing to request…
• Hand off with a clear reference: Regarding this request, could you confirm dates for May and June by Friday
• Close with a forward link: For this reason, I would appreciate a reply this week.

Academic Task 1: micro cohesion

• Overview first, then groups.
• Use simple references to the visuals: This figure, these cities, the latter period.
• Link sentences with compare words: while, whereas, in contrast.

Model
City A rose from 20 to 35, whereas City B fell from 40 to 25. This change left A as the highest by the end.

Common errors and quick fixes

• Dangling this: This shows… what
  • Fix: add a noun. This result shows…
• Pronoun pile: it, this, that in a row
  • Fix: restate the key noun.
• Jumping topics inside one body
  • Fix: one claim only; move the extra idea to Body 2.
• Over-linking
  • Fix: remove extra connectors; keep one strong link per move.

Error tags for review

• DR = dangling reference
• PN = pronoun not clear
• JO = jump in order
• OL = over linking
• MI = mixed ideas in one paragraph

10 minute cohesion routine

1. 2 min: write topic sentences for two bodies.
2. 3 min: add one link word for each move and one this + noun line.
3. 3 min: craft one example per body and end with a link back sentence.
4. 2 min: run the reference clarity tests and remove any extra connectors.

Quick checklist before you submit

• Clear paragraph order that fits the task type
• One idea per body with topic sentence
• References resolved: this or these plus a noun
• At least one cause or contrast link used correctly
• Final sentence in each body returns to the thesis

One page mini template

• Body 1: Point → Because… → For example… → This result shows…
• Body 2: Point → However… → For example… → For this reason, the policy works…
• Conclusion: Restate stance with one reference to the main benefit or risk.

Final advice
Plan your order, then guide the reader with short, precise references. Name the thing, refer back to it clearly, and finish each paragraph by returning to your main idea. Simple cohesion signals create essays that feel confident and score higher.